![]() ![]() Methyl syringate was the most abundant compound of all Mentha ssp. Among all identified compounds, methyl syringate (6.6%) and vomifoliol (3.0%) can be considered plant derived phytochemicals in the bee-stomach having collected nectar from Mentha spp. honey solvent extracts, but also can transform to hotrienol, the most abundant compound in the honey headspace, Table 2. ![]() Monoterpenic alcohol 3,7-dimethylocta-1,5-dien-3,7-diol, terpendiol I was found in Mentha spp. This activity was already confirmed by the appearance of new monoterpenic alcohols (three linalool derivatives: 3,7-dimethylocta-1,5-dien-3,7-diol, 3,7-dimethylocta-1,6-dien-3,5-diol and 2,6-dimethyl-6-hydroxyocta-2,7-dienal) in the extract of the liquid isolated from the bee stomach having collected linden nectar. The major identified terpene in the bee-stomach was 3,7-dimethylocta-1,5-dien-3,7-diol, terpendiol I (5.0%) originated probably by glycosidase activity (cleavage of the nectar glycosides) in the salvia. Only several structurally-related compounds of queen retinue pheromone were found in bee-stomach such as hexadecan-1-ol and different fatty acids. "Queen's pheromone", a well-equilibrated cocktail of fatty acids and aromatic compounds, is one of the most important sets of pheromones in the bee hive. The cuticular waxes contain aliphatic compounds from C 18 to C 54 dominated by hydrocarbons. These chemical structures are particularly related to the composition of cuticular waxes and less to pheromones. The bee-stomach organic extract was mainly composed of the following groups of natural compounds ( Table 1): fatty acids, fatty alcohols as well as higher aliphatic hydrocarbons. nectar gathering was isolated by USE and analyzed (a representative chromatogram is presented in Figure 1). The content of the stomach of 70 bees caught at the entrance of the hive on their way back from Mentha spp. Identified accompanying pollen grains were from Amorpha fruticosa, Centaurea spp., Asteraceae and Brassicaceae with minor percentages of pollen from other species. and Mentha pulegium L.) according to recommended minimal values. The unifloral botanical origin of all the honey samples was confirmed by pollen analysis (up to 49% of Mentha spp. nectar gathering was isolated by USE and compared to the extractives obtained from the ripe honey with focus on determination of plant derived compounds. The content of the stomach of the bees caught at the entrance of the hive on their way back from Mentha spp. ![]() Under the highly oxidative atmosphere of the honeycomb sensitive honey organic compounds can undergo oxidation. On returning to the hive, the content of the stomach is regurgitated into the waxy honeycomb and is ripened into the honey. The enzymes in the salvia degrade nectar sucrose into glucose and fructose and cleave the glycosides. The gathered nectar is stocked in the bee-stomach, which can contain up to 60 μL of liquid, and the honey sacs containing Mentha spp. Comparison of the honey organic extractives with the corresponding bee-stomach extractive indicated that methyl syringate and vomofoliol were transferred to the honey while terpendiol I was partially transformed to hotrienol in ripened honey. ![]() Methyl syringate was the most abundant compound (38.3-56.2%) in the honey solvent extractives followed by vomifoliol (7.0–26.6%). honey were obtained by solvent-free headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and ultrasonic solvent extraction (USE) and analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Other major compounds from the bee-stomach were related to the composition of cuticular waxes and less to pheromones. nectar, revealed the presence of methyl syringate (6.6%), terpendiol I (5.0%) and vomifoliol (3.0%) that can be attributed to the plant origin. The GC and GC/MS analyses of the solvent organic extractive from the stomach of the bees, having collected Mentha spp. ![]()
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